GIFT   OF 


FIGHTING  RUST  WITH 
SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 


FIGURE  1 

A  typical  piece  of  galena  ore  as  mined  by  the  Eagle-Picher  Lead  Company 
that  contains  approximately  80  per  cent  lead  and  11  per  cent  sulphur  in 
combination  to  form  lead  sulphide,  the  balance  being  zinc  sulphide  and  other 
constituents.  This  ore  smelted  in  special  furnaces  produces  fumes  which 
are  collected  and  ground  with  oil  and  marketed  by  the  Eagle-Picher  Lead 
Company  as  Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead,  and  described  in  Chapter  3. 


Fighting  Rust  With 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


AN   ASSEMBLY  OF   FACTS  CONCERNING 

THE  PROPERTIES  AND  USES  OF 

SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 


T     T 

T 


THE  EAGLE-PICHER  LEAD  COMPANY 

CHICAGO 
1923 


COPYRIGHT,  1923 

THE  EAGLE-PICHER  LEAD  COMPANY 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


FOREWORD 

Since  the  remarkable  rust-inhibitive  and 
weather-protective  properties  of  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  are  so  little  known  outside  of  the  paint  manu- 
facturing industry,  it  occurred  to  us  that  architects 
and  all  engineers  who  are  in  charge  of  the  erection 
or  maintenance  of  steel  structures  should  have  use 
for  a  concise  presentation  of  the  principal  data 
covering  the  properties  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead, 
together  with  directions  for  its  use. 

Accordingly  we  have  prepared  the  present  pub- 
lication, it  being  clearly  understood  that  it  is  merely 
an  assembly  of  reliable  data  for  use  by  engineers 
who  specify  paint  and  painting  as  an  incidental 
part  of  their  work,  and  who  require  only  such 
information  as  has  a  practical  bearing  on  the 
results  obtained. 

We  have  tried  to  confine  ourselves  to  things  of 
interest  to  the  user  and  to  anticipate  his  questions. 
How  well  we  have  succeeded  can  only  be  told  by 
our  readers,  and  we  trust  they  will  favor  us  with 
their  criticisms. 

THE  EAGLE-PICHEK  LEAD  COMPANY. 


5078&5 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Chapter                                                                              Page 
I  CORROSION  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL 9 

II  RATING  OF  RUST-PROOFING  PAINTS  BY  THE  AMERI- 
CAN SOCIETY  FOR  TESTING  MATERIALS 21 

III  SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 25 

IV  USE  OF  SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 37 

V  SUGGESTED  PAINTING  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  STRUC- 
TURAL STEEL  WORK 55 

VI  ESTIMATES,  DATA  AND  TABLES 59 


FIGHTING  RUST 
WITH  SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 

CHAPTER  I 

CORROSION  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL 

Corrosion  is  the  relentless  enemy  of  iron  and 
steel.  It  operates  unceasingly,  transforming  com- 
mercial metal  into  the  oxides  of  iron  of  a  character 
similar  to  natural  ores,  thus  undoing  the  work  that 
was  performed  by  man  when  he  reduced  the  iron 
ore  to  metal  suitable  for  his  purposes. 

In  this  great  battle  between  man  and  corrosion, 
corrosion  has  been  the  winner  up  to  the  present 
time.  The  best  that  man  has  been  able  to  do  is  to 
prolong  the  fight;  corrosion  has  always  won  in 
the  end. 

This  remarkable  success  of  corrosion  in  achiev- 
ing the  destruction  of  the  utility  of  iron  and  its 
alloys  is  due  principally  to  properties  peculiar  to 
iron  itself. 

Affinity  of  Iron  for  Oxygen 

To  begin  with,  iron  has  such  a  strong  affinity  for 
certain  other  elements,  especially  oxygen,  that  it  is 
never  found  in  nature  as  a  pure  metal.  In  fact, 
pure  iron  is  one  of  the  rarest  sights  in  the  world. 
It  may  be  purified  artificially  in  the  laboratory,  but 
it  must  be  kept  sealed  and  free  from  contact  with 

9 


10  lighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

other  elements ;  otherwise  it  instantly  absorbs  im- 
purities in  the  presence  of  air  and  moisture  and 
reverts  to  oxides  that  possess  none  of  the  charac- 
teristics which  make  iron  so  valuable  to  man. 

To  give  stability  and  to  impart  those  character- 
istics most  desirable  in  different  kinds  of  engi- 
neering work,  iron  is  alloyed  with  small  amounts 
of  various  substances  and  put  through  suitable 
processes  of  heat  treatment  and  mechanical  work- 
ing. 

These  processes  of  converting  iron  ores  into 
commercial  forms  of  iron  and  steel  suitable  for  all 
kinds  of  construction  work,  do  not,  however,  elimi- 
nate corrosion.  The  great  chemical  activity  of  the 
iron  still  remains  and  in  the  presence  of  air  and 
moisture  the  metal,  unless  protected,  is  rapidly  dis- 
integrated by  corrosion  and  becomes  a  heap  of  dust, 
worthless  unless  resmelted  and  worked  through 
the  various  metallurgical  processes  by  which  it  was 
originally  transformed  into  commercial  metal. 

Iron  and  Steel  Industry 

To  realize  the  magnitude  of  the  iron  and  steel  in- 
dustry and  the  importance  of  these  metals  to  the 
very  existence  of  our  present-day  material  pros- 
perity is  to  appreciate  the  seriousness  and  the  im- 
portance of  the  corrosion  problem. 

Altogether  the  United  States  produces  annually 
approximately  36,000,000  tons*  of  finished  steel, 
76  per  cent  of  which  is  used  by  ten  principal  in- 

*E.  C.  Kreutzberg,  Iron  Trade  Review,  1-5-22. 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel 


11 


dustries.  As  shown  in  the  Table  I,  building  leads 
the  list  with  more  than  5,000,000  tons.  This  in- 
cludes all  structural  shapes,  plates,  concrete  rein- 
forcing rods,  ornamental  iron  work,  fire  escapes, 
elevators,  safes,  vaults,  window  sash,  plumber 
supplies,  heating  and  ventilating  equipment,  and 
equipment  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  build- 
ing materials,  such  as  cement,  brick  and  tile. 

TABLE    I 

FINISHED  STEEL  OUTPUT 

Estimates  in  net  tons 


Groups 

Normal  Annual 
Requirements 

Per  Cent  Entire 
Normal  Output 

Building                  

5,100,000 

14  23 

Export      .  .            

4,815,000 

13.43 

Automotive  

3,540,000 

9.82 

Car  and  Locomotive  
Railroad,  construction,   mainte- 
nance and  repairs  

3,350,000 
2,795,000 

9.34 
7.79 

Oil  £as  and  water 

2,780,000 

7.75 

Machinery  and  hand  tool 

1  600,000 

4.46 

Agricultural 

1,290,000 

3.59 

Food  container 

1,120,000 

3.12 

Shipbuilding 

950,000 

2.65 

All  other  requirements 

8,500,000 

23.71 

Totals                              

35,840,000 

99.89 

Practically  every  pound  of  this  enormous  pro- 
duction, except  steel  rails,  is  protected  from  the 
ravages  of  corrosion  by  covering  the  surface  with 
some  rust-resisting  material. 

The  cost  of  this  protection  is  the  first  tax  of  cor- 
rosion upon  the  finished  steel.  General  practice  is 
to  coat  sheet  metal,  wire  and  small  parts  with 


12 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


FIGURE  2 

It  has  been  estimated  by  experts  on  corrosion  of  iron  and  steel  that  approxi- 
mately one  million  tons  a  year  of  steel  are  being  destroyed  at  the  present 
time  by  corrosion.  This  steel  if  made  into  structural  members  would  supply 
enough  to  build  forty  Woolworth  buildings. 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel  13 

metals,  such  as  zinc,  tin  or  lead.  About  60  per  cent 
of  all  zinc  produced  in  this  country  is  used  for  gal- 
vanizing iron  and  steel.  The  larger  shapes,  such 
as  structural  steel,  framework  of  machinery,  cast- 
ings, etc.,  are  protected  by  painting.  Many  ex- 
posed surfaces  are  protected  by  nickel,  copper  and 
brass  plating,  and  machined  surfaces  are  usually 
protected  by  oil  and  grease. 

In  spite  of  all  the  protective  measures  the  losses 
due  to  corrosion  are  enormous — over  a  million  tons 
a  year !  If  this  loss  were  all  made  into  structural 
shapes  it  would  be  sufficient  to  build  forty  Wool- 
worth  buildings !  Surely  this  is  one  of  the  world 's 
big  problems ! 

Indeed,  some  of  the  best  scientific  thought  and 
effort  in  recent  times  have  been  directed  to  the 
solution  of  this  problem,  and  though  we  have  come 
a  long  way  there  is  as  yet  not  even  a  universally 
accepted  theory  as  to  the  actual  process  of  corro- 
sion. 

Corrosion  Theory 

If  corrosion  is  to  be  combated  successfully,  there 
must  be  developed  a  working  theory  that  is  sound. 
So  far  we  have  only  a  number  of  hypotheses.  Of 
all  the  various  hypotheses  (and  there  have  been 
many)  that  have  been  advanced,  the  electrolytic  has 
received  the  largest  measure  of  support.  Lately, 
Friend's  colloidal  hypothesis,  which  was  advanced 
to  meet  some  of  the  objections  that  were  urged 
against  the  electrolytic  hypothesis,  has  shared 
honors  with  its  older  competitor. 


14  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

As  far  as  assistance  in  formulating  protective 
and  preventive  measures  is  concerned,  it  makes 
little  difference  which  hypothesis  is  used  as  the 
theory.  For  our  part  we  shall  not  presume  to 
choose,  but  will  limit  ourselves  to  a  brief  statement 
of  each,  merely  giving  such  data  as  might  be  re- 
quired rather  than  ask  the  reader  to  refer  to  an- 
other book. 

Electrolytic  Corrosion  Hypothesis* 

Due  to  physical  and  chemical  differences  at  vari- 
ous points  on  the  surface  of  any  iron  or  steel,  differ- 
ences of  potential  always  exist,  and  whenever  mois- 
ture is  present  to  connect  these  points  of  different 
potentials  electrically  and  act  as  an  electrolyte, 

*For    those    who    wish    to    go    into    details    of    corrosion,    the    following 
bibliography    compiled    by    the    Research    Department    of    The   Eagle-Picher 
Lead  Company  will  be  of  use. 
ELECTROLYSIS  AND  CORROSION 
A.  S.  Cushman 

Proc.  A.  S.  T.  M.,  VIII,  238 

SOME  EXPOSURE  TESTS  OF  STRUCTURAL  STEEL  COATINGS 
C.  M.  Chapman 

Proc.  A.  S.  T.  M.,  X,  401 
FURTHER   RESULTS    OF    THE    WESTINGHOUSE,    CHURCH,    KERR    & 

CO.  PAINT  TESTS 
A.  S.  Chapman 

Proc.  A.  S.  T.  M.,  XI,  628 

THE  INHIBITIVE  POWER  OF  CERTAIN  PIGMENTS  ON  THE  CORRO- 
SION OF  IRON  AND  STEEL 
A.  S.  Chapman 

Proc.  A.  S.  T.  M.,  VIII,  605 
THE  MECHANISM  OF  CORROSION 

J.  Newton  Friend,  J.  Lloyd  Bentley  and  Walter  West 

Engineering,  93,  714  ;    Engineer,  113,  527 

PAINT  AND  VARNISH  COATINGS  AS  ACCELERATORS  IN  THE  COR- 
ROSION OF  METALS 
W.  H.  Walker  and  W.  K.  Lewis 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  1,  754 
TESTS   FOR   BOND    AND   ELECTROLYTIC    CORROSION    OF   PAINTED 

REINFORCING  STEEL 
H.  A.  Gardner 

Eng.  News,  73,  136-7  (1913) 

PAINT  VEHICLES   AS   PROTECTIVE   AGENTS   AGAINST    CORROSION 
M.  Toch 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  7,  51-4  (1915) 
J.  Soc.  Chem.   Ind.,  34,  592-5   (1915) 
POWERFUL   INFLUENCE   OF   BASIC   PIGMENTS   IN    PROTECTING 

METALS  FROM  CORROSION 
H.  A.  Gardner 

Eng.  Record,  68,  93-4 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel  15 

electricity  will  flow  from  parts  of  positive  potential 
to  parts  of  negative  potential. 

When  electricity  leaves  a  metal  and  enters  a 
liquid  (electrolyte)  it  corrodes  the  metal  by  remov- 
ing particles  which  then  dissolve  in  the  liquid. 

In  the  case  of  iron,  the  metallic  iron  enters  the 
solution  where  it  unites  with  oxygen  and  is  precipi- 
tated out  as  oxide  or  rust. 

Without  oxygen  the  process  could  not  continue 
because  the  electrolyte  would  quickly  saturate  with 
iron  and  the  difference  in  potential  would  disap- 
pear, a  phenomenon  known  as  polarization.  The 
oxygen  by  precipitating  the  iron  out  of  the  solu- 
tion depolarizes  the  system  and  enables  corrosion 
to  continue  indefinitely. 

PRESERVATION  OF  IRON 

J.  N.  Friend,  Carnegie  Scholarship  Report 

Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  May,  1913,  100-168 
THE  PRESERVATION  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL 
A.  S.  Cushman 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Office  of  Public  Roads,  Bulletin  35 
PRESERVATION  OF  IRON  AND  STEEL 
A.  S.  Cushman 

Engineering,  87,  710-42 
PAINTS  FOR  METALLIC  STRUCTURES 
A.  S.  Cushman 

International  Association  for  Testing  Materials,  2,  (10)   XXIV 
DOES  PAINT  KEEP  IRON  FROM  RUSTING? 
Erik  Liebreich  and  Fritz  Spitzer 

Z.  Elektrochem.,  18,  94-9 

CAN  IRON  RUST  BE  PREVENTED  BY  COATINGS  ? 
E.  Liebreich 

Orig.  Com.  8th  Intern.  Congr.  Appl.  Chem.,  12,  143-154 
METAL  PROTECTIVE  PAINTS 
H.  A.  Gardner 

Trans.  Amer.  Electrochem.  Soc.,  39,  223 
RUST  AND  RUST  PREVENTIVES 
L.  Hecht 

J.  Gasbel,  57,  113-5 
THE    RUSTING    OF   IRON;     ITS    CAUSE    AND    ITS    PREVENTION    BY 

PAINTING 
George  Pfleiderer 

Z.  Ver.  dent  Ing.,  57,  221-5 

THE  FORMATION  OF  RUST  UNDER  PROTECTIVE  PAINTS 
E.  Liebreich  and  F.  Spitzer 

Z.  Elektrochem.,  19,  295-301 

THE  FORMATION  OF  RUST  UNDER  PROTECTIVE  PAINTS 
George  Pfleiderer 

Z.  Elektrochem.,  19,  507-10 


16  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Colloidal  Corrosion  Hypothesis 

According  to  J.  Newton  Friend*,  iron  in  the  pres- 
ence of  moisture  and  oxygen  oxidizes  into  ferrous 
hydroxide  which  he  claims  is  in  the  colloidal 
state;**  in  which  state  substances  are  extra  active 
chemically.  Hence,  the  ferrous  hydroxide  imme- 
diately takes  up  more  oxygen,  becoming  ferric 
hydroxide,  still  remaining  in  the  colloidal  state. 
The  colloidal  ferric  hydroxide  now  extracts  more 
iron  from  the  original  metal  and  the  process  begins 
all  over  again. 

The  ferric  hydroxide  is  said  to  act  as  a  catalytic 
agent  (one  which  transfers  by  contact  molecules 
from  one  substance  to  another)  taking  up  iron  on 
the  one  hand  and  oxygen  on  the  other,  alternately 
reducing  to  ferrous  hydroxide  and  then  oxidizing 
to  ferric  hydroxide  until  the  processes  of  convert- 
ing iron  into  rust  is  entirely  complete. 

Moisture  and  Oxygen 

While  there  are  certain  definite  differences  be- 
tween the  two  hypotheses  above  set  forth,  the  two 
agree  absolutely  on  the  necessity  of  the  moisture 
and  oxygen  for  the  continuation  of  the  process  of 
corrosion;  hence,  one  sure  way  of  killing  corro- 
sion is  to  exclude  oxygen  and  moisture;  easily 

*New  Theory  of  Corrosion  of  Iron,  Journal  of  the  Chemical 
Society  of  London,  Vol.  119— page  932,  1921. 

**Colloidal  state  in  this  instance  signifies  minute  particles  (less 
than  0.00001  millimeter  in  diameter)  dispersed  in  a  liquid  medium; 
particles  too  small  to  precipitate  without  coagulation  and  too  large 
to  pass  through  a  membrane  as  they  would  if  in  true  solution. 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel  17 

stated,  but  practically  impossible  of  perfect  accom- 
plishment. 

Action  of  Basic  Substances 

Another  important  point  where  both  agree  is  in 
the  action  of  basic,  or  alkaline  substances  upon  the 
process  of  corrosion.  The  basicity  of  any  sub- 
stance is  measured  by  the  amount  of  a  given  acid 
required  to  neutralize  it. 

Bases  will  inhibit  corrosion  by  neutralizing  the 
potential  differences  between  the  various  parts  of 
the  surface,  and  thus  eliminate  the  possibility  of 
electrolytic  action  at  areas  on  the  iron  that  are 
naturally  electro-positive.  Since  a  basic  coating 
neutralizes  the  electro-positive  areas  on  the  iron,  it 
must  prevent  corrosion. 

Looking  at  the  subject  from  the  colloidal  view- 
point, basic  substances  are  found  to  arrest  the 
catalytic  action  of  the  ferric  hydroxide  by  neutral- 
izing the  electric  charges  that  made  the  action  pos- 
sible and  changing  the  hydroxide  from  a  colloidal 
to  an  amorphous  state,  in  which  it  ceases  to  pro- 
mote corrosion. 

Prevention  of  Corrosion 

No  matter  to  which  hypothesis  we  may  subscribe, 
the  preventive  measures  that  suggest  themselves 
are  the  same,  namely : 

1.  Inhibitive  electro-chemical  or  colloidal  reac- 
tions. 

2.  Exclusion  of  moisture  and  oxygen. 


18  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

In  painting  practice,  all  three  of  these  principles 
should  be  employed ;  first,  since  we  have  no  prac- 
tical way  of  assuring  a  perfectly  dry  surface  at  the 
time  the  painting  is  done;  and  second,  since  the 
paint  coating  cannot  be  absolutely  impervious  to 
moisture,  it  is  necessary  to  employ  as  paint  a  basic 
substance  which  will  inhibit  any  corrosion  that  may 
be  incipient  on  the  surface  at  the  time  of  painting, 
or  become  so  later  due  to  the  penetration  of  mois- 
ture; therefore  the  first  requirement  of  rust- 
resisting  paint  is  that  it  have  proper  basicity. 

While  it  is  essential  to  neutralize  the  corrosive 
action  by  the  use  of  a  basic  coating,  it  is  also  neces- 
sary to  maintain  such  coating  intact  for  a  long 
period  of  time  if  a  commercial  result  is  to  be  ob- 
tained. To  remain  intact  such  coating  must  with- 
stand all  normal  atmospheric  conditions  of  mois- 
ture and  temperature.  It  must  withstand  such 
chemical  action  as  the  atmosphere  in  the  particular 
locality  will  inflict  upon  it.  It  must  resist  such 
mechanical  actions  as  are  present  under  any  given 
service  conditions. 

Rust-Proofing 

To  sum  up  the  requirements  in  two  thoughts,  the 
rust-proofing  paint  must  be : 

1.  Bust  inhibitive. 

2.  Weather  resistive. 

It  must  be  chemically  constituted  to  prevent  corro- 
sion and  mechanically  constituted  to  hold  its  own 
against  ttie  wear  and  tear  of  service  conditions. 


Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel  19 

Rust-Proofing  Paint 

Paint  consists  in  general  of  a  pigment  and  a 
vehicle,  and  one  is  just  as  important  as  the  other 
in  determining  the  service  qualities  of  the  resulting 
paint.  The  union  between  the  pigment  and  the 
vehicle  may  be  mechanical,  chemical,  or  both.  How- 
ever, whether  the  pigment  is  linked  with  the  vehicle 
by  chemical  or  mechanical  means,  there  are  certain 
conditions  which  the  paint  must  fulfill. 

H.  A.  Gardner,  a  well-known  authority  on  paints, 
painting  and  rust-proofing  with  paint,  recently 
stated  the  conditions  which  should  be  fulfilled  by  a 
rust-proofing  paint,  as  follows : 

' '  1.  The  paint  employed  must  be  prepared 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easy  of  applica- 
tion by  brush  or  spray  gun  and  must  form, 
when  dry,  a  coherent  layer,  possessing  maxi- 
mum power  of  resistance. 

"2.  It  should  be  prepared  from  pure  lin- 
seed oil,  and  contain  none  but  pigments 
ground  as  finely  as  possible.  The  major 
portion  of  the  pigments  should  be  of  a  basic 
or  chromate  nature. 

"3.  The  paint  should  dry  sufficiently  in 
12  hours  to  withstand  any  rainfall  to  which 
it  may  be  exposed. 

' '  4.  The  grinding  should  be  carried  so  far 
that  99  per  cent  of  the  paste  may  be  washed 
through  a  325-mesh  screen  with  a  solvent. 
The  paint  shall  dry  with  a  smooth  surface, 
and  should  not  run  down  or  sag  when  ap- 
plied to  perpendicular  surfaces. 

"5.  The  adhesion  to  the  metal  must  be 
perfect  and  the  dried  paint  must  be  elastic. ' ' 


20 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


a*  c  3 
*!"! 
B  S 

Is* 


co     £••**« 


1  oil 


IS 


.855 

i^£ 


C  -M     C 

o      o 

ic   -^.  — 


.. 

II 

0-4-> 


CHAPTER  II 

EATING  OF  RUST-PROOFING  PAINTS  BY 
THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY  FOR 
TESTING  MATERIALS 

In  order  to  obtain  reliable  information  as  to  the 
respective  rust-proofing  values  of  various  commer- 
cial paints,  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Ma- 
terials in  co-operation  with  the  Paint  Manufactur- 
ers '  Association  of  the  United  States  staged  an 
outdoor  test  in  Atlantic  City.  This  locality  was 
chosen  as  especially  unfavorable  to  paint  protec- 
tion, and  therefore  one  which  would  yield  results 
in  the  shortest  time. 

Preparation  of  Specimens 

Specimens  to  be  tested  were  applied  to  300  steel 
plates  which  were  erected  as  panels  of  a  fence. 


FIGURE  4 

A  portion  of  the  Atlantic  City 
test  fence  showing  one  of  the 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  panels  after 
four  years'  exposure. 


21 


22  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Each  panel  was  carefully  insulated  to  avoid  any 
possibility  of  electrolysis  from  external  stray  cur- 
rents. Before  painting  the  plates  were  carefully 
cleaned  and  dried ;  three  coats  were  applied,  with 
ample  time  between  coats  to  dry.  Special  pains 
were  taken  to  cover  the  edges  as  this  was  consid- 
ered a  weak  point  where  corrosion  might  start.  In 
short,  every  precaution  was  exercised  to  give  each 
sample  the  best  possible  attention  as  far  as  skillful 
application  of  the  paint  was  concerned. 

Committee  Reports 

Some  of  the  paints  failed  from  the  start,  but  no 
official  report  was  made  until  two  years  had 
elapsed,  when  a  committee  was  chosen  to  examine 
the  fence  and  report.  Each  member  of  the  com- 
mittee made  his  own  individual  report  based  on 
his  own  observations  and  the  official  report  was 
compiled  from  these. 

In  judging  the  condition  of  the  paint,  chalking, 
checking,  cracking,  scaling,  peeling,  color  and  con- 
dition for  repainting  were  all  considered.  Sepa- 
rate ratings  were  given  for  condition  as  to  corro- 
sion and  condition  as.  to  weather  protection.  The 
final  rating  was  a  grand  average  of  all  points.  The 
perfect  paint  received  a  rating  of  ten. 

Inspections  were  made  at  intervals  of  one  year 
for  four  years,  when  the  number  of  paints  remain- 
ing in  condition  for  rating  was  so  small  that  the 
test  was  concluded  and  the  final  report  turned  in. 
The  full  account  of  these  tests  and  the  results  were 
given  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Society 
for  Testing  Materials,  Volume  IX,  1909,  pp.  203, 


Rating  of  Rust-Proofing  Paints 


23 


1913  1914 

10 


1st  YEAR        2nd  YEAR        3rd  YEAR        4th  YEAR        5th  YEAR       6th  YEAR 


FIGURE  5 

In  order  to  make  possible  a  comparison  of  the  performance  of  Picher  Sub- 
limed Blue  Lead  with  other  commercial  pigments  commonly  used  for  paint- 
ing steel,  the  above  chart  of  ratings  was  plotted  year  by  year  over  the  com- 
plete test  period.  The  ratings  here  given  are  the  averages  of  all  those  given 
by  the  different  members  of  the  Committee.  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
who  served  through  the  entire  period  rated  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  as  follows : 

Third  year   9.5 

Fourth  year 9.0 

Fifth  year    8.5 


BASIC  CHROMATE  OF  LEAD 

SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 

CARBON  BLACK  AND  BARYTES 

CHROME  GREEN 

WILLOW  CHARCOAL 

RED  LEAD 

NATURAL  GRAPHITE 

ZINC  CHROMATE 

ZINC  AND    LEAD  CHROMATE 

MAGNETIC  BLACK  OXIDE 


FIGURE  6 

The  above  ten  pigments  received  the  highest  rating  as  given  at  the  last 
inspection  of  the  surviving  panels  from  the  Atlantic  City  test  fence  which 
were  exposed  on  Young's  Pier. 


24  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

204;  Volume  X,  1910,  pp.  79-86;  Volume  XI,  1911, 
pp.  192-194;  Volume  XIII,  1913,  pp.  369-371; 
Volume  XIV,  1914,  Part  I,  pp.  259,  260. 

After  five  years7  exposure  on  the  fence  most  of 
the  specimens  had  reached  the  limit  of  their  useful- 
ness, so  much  so  that  all  but  twenty- three  were 
abandoned.  The  twenty-three  worthy  of  further 
study  were  transferred  to  the  ocean-end  of  Young's 
Million  Dollar  Pier  where  they  were  exposed  for 
one  year  before  the  final  report. 

Ratings 

At  the  start  there  were  nearly  one  hundred 
paints ;  at  the  end  of  two  years  only  twelve  scored 
9  or  better ;  at  the  end  of  the  test,  six  years  from 
the  start,  only  two  paints  scored  6  or  better,  and 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  was  one  of  these!  The  only 
paint  that  rated  as  good  or  better  than  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  was  American  Vermillion  (basic  chro- 
mate  of  lead)  which  obtained  a  rating  of  7.5  against 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  of  6.  American  Vermillion  is 
too  expensive  to  be  used  unadulterated  as  a  paint 
for  protecting  steel ;  therefore  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 
in  Oil  stands  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  commercial 
paints  for  rust-proofing  structural  steel. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  standing  of  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  comparison  with  pigments  that  are  well 
known  to  engineers  and  architects,  the  ratings  of 
some  of  those  which  made  the  best  showing  have 
been  plotted  with  time  in  Figure  5.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  while  the  slope  of  most  of  these 
paints  indicates  six  years  as  approximately  the 
limit  of  useful  life,  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  was  declin- 
ing at  a  much  slower  rate  than  the  others. 


CHAPTER  III 

SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  is  a  fume  product  derived 
from  lead  sulphide  ore  by  smelting  in  special  fur- 
naces. Used  as  a  pigment  and  mixed  with  the 
proper  amount  of  pure  linseed  oil  as  vehicle,  it 
makes  a  rust-proofing  paint  that  fulfills  the  five 
basic  conditions  set  forth  on  page  19. 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  Analysis 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  is  a  basic  sulphate  of  lead 
which  upon  analysis  runs  approximately  as  fol- 
lows : 

Lead  Sulphate  (PbS04) 45-55  per  cent 

Lead  Oxide  (PbO) 30-40  per  cent 

Lead  Sulphide  (PbS) . . .  .Not  over  12  per  cent 
Lead  Sulphite  (PbS03) .  .Not  over   5  per  cent 

Zinc  Oxide  (ZnO) Not  over   5  per  cent 

Carbon  and  undetermined.Not  over    5  per  cent 

The  major  components  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 
are  in  chemical  combination.  A  mechanical  mix- 
ture of  the  proper  amounts  of  exactly  the  same 
ingredients  to  give  the  same  analysis  does  not  in 
any  way  produce  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  and  does  not 
exhibit  the  same  properties  when  mixed  with  pure 
linseed  oil  to  make  paint. 

25 


26  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Galena 

The  raw  material  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  is  Galena,  lead  sulphide  ore. 
Some  of  the  finest  deposits  in  the  world  are  located 
in  the  Joplin  District  of  Missouri,  where  the  Eagle- 
Picher  Lead  Company  operates  various  mines  and 
manufactures  Sublimed  Blue  Lead. 

Manufacture  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

In  making  Sublimed  Blue  Lead,  the  ore,  Galena, 
which  as  obtained  from  the  Joplin  field  shows 
about  80  per  cent  lead  content  and  11  per  cent  sul- 
phur content,  in  combination  to  form  lead  sulphide, 
the  balance  being  zinc  sulphide  and  other  constitu- 
ents, is  mixed  in  suitable  proportions  with  bitumi- 
nous coal  and  slag  and  charged  into  furnaces  of  the 
Scotch-hearth  type. 

These  furnaces  are  designed  and  operated  to  pro- 
duce fumes  that  come  off  the  surface  of  the  molten 
charge  and  are  caught  by  a  hood  which  conducts 
them  to  a  flue,  where  they  are  joined  by  fumes  of 
other  furnaces.  They  then  pass  through  an  enor- 
mous cooler  made  up  of  a  series  of  loops  40  feet  or 
more  in  height. 

The  draft  necessary  to  pull  the  fumes  from  the 
furnaces  is  produced  by  a  fan  which  discharges 
into  a  collector  consisting  of  a  series  of  long  bags 
held  in  a  vertical  position. 

These  bags  act  as  filters,  allowing  the  gases  to 
pass  out  and  retaining  the  solid  particles  of  Sub- 


Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


27 


limed  Blue  Lead  in  the  same  way  that  the  bag  of  a 
vacuum  cleaner  retains  the  dust. 

At  intervals  the  bags  are  automatically  shaken 
and  the  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  dust  falls  into  hoppers 
from  which  it  is  drawn  as  required  into  barrels  for 
shipment. 

The  principle  of  operation  of  a  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  plant  is  illustrated  diagramatically  in  Fig- 
ure 7. 

Dry  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  the  dry  state  as  it  comes 
from  the  smelter  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
paints  and  rubber.  The  Eagle-Picher  Lead  Com- 
pany sells  the  dry  product  to  paint  manufacturers 
and  to  rubber  manufacturers.  It  also  grinds  the 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  with  pure  raw  linseed  oil  and 
markets  it  in  paste  form  ready  to  mix  with  oil, 
drier  and  thinner  for  rust-proofing  purposes. 


FIGURE  7 

Process  diagram  illustrating  the  manufacture  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead. 
Galena  Ore  mixed  with  bituminous  coal  and  slag  is  smelted  in  special 
furnaces  and  the  fumes  collected  by  a  flue  system  and  passed  through  a 
series  of  goosenecks  to  cool  the  gases.  The  draft  for  handling  the  fumes 
is  produced  by  a  fan  which  exhausts  the  fume-carrying  gases  into  a  system 
of  vertically  arranged  bags  that  act  as  filters  to  separate  the  dust  from  the 
gases.  These  bags  are  shaken  automatically  at  stated  periods,  the  Sub- 
limed Blue  Lead  following  into  hoppers  from  which  it  is  drawn  into  con- 
tainers and  made  ready  for  shipment. 


28  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Linseed  Oil 

The  vehicle  is  just  as  important  as  the  pigment 
in  determining  the  quality  of  a  rust-proofing  paint. 
There  has  been  a  long  sustained  effort  on  the  part 
of  paint  technicians  to  develop  other  oils  that  could 
be  substituted  for  a  linseed  oil,  but  up  to  the  pres- 
ent time  there  is  no  oil  that  can  be  counted  on  to 
give  the  service  that  can  be  obtained  with  pure  raw 
linseed  oil. 

Boiled  linseed  oil  is  specified  by  many  for  use 
with  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  because  it  dries  quicker. 
Raw  linseed  oil  can  be  given  the  same  drying  char- 
acteristics by  adding  suitable  drier,  and  many  be- 
lieve that  superior  durability  is  obtained  with  raw 
oil. 

Linseed  oil  has  been  exhaustively  studied  and 
engineering  specifications  for  judging  its  suitabil- 
ity for  paint  surfaces  have  been  prepared  by,  and 
may  be  obtained  from,  the  American  Society  for 
Testing  Materials.* 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil 

The  grinding  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  powder 
with  oil  is  a  mighty  important  operation,  and  un- 
less done  in  a  thorough-going  manner,  the  result- 
ing paste  will  make  inferior  paint. 

The  Eagle-Picher  Lead  Company  produces  Sub- 
limed Blue  Lead  in  Oil  by  the  most  modern  meth- 


*Linseed  Oil  Specifications,  1921,  A.  S.  T.  M.  Standards,  pages 
655-658. 


Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


29 


FIGURE  8 

Grinding  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  with  oil.  The  process  of  grinding  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  in  Oil  as  conducted  by  the  Eagle-Picher  Lead  Company  takes 
place  in  two  stages  ;  carefully  settled  pure  raw  linseed  oil  and  dry  pure 
Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  are  mixed  in  accurate  proportions  of  9  to  1  in  a 
Chilean  mill  or  Chaser,  the  mill  taking  one  batch  at  a  time.  The  batch 
when  thoroughly  mixed  is  dumped  into  a  mixer  which  is  merely  a  tank 
equipped  with  an  agitator.  From  here  it  flows  by  gravity  in  a  continuous 
stream  to  a  burrstone  mill,  going  in  at  the  eye  and  coming  out  at  the 
periphery.  The  degree  of  grinding  required  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  two 
mills  in  series  and  the  final  product  is  delivered  directly  into  containers. 


30  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

ods.  No  other  raw  materials  are  employed.  These 
two  are  accurately  weighed  and  mixed  in  a  propor- 
tion of  nine  parts  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  to  one 
part  oil  by  weight,  in  a  Chilean  mill,  which  consists 
of  a  large  shallow  pan,  over  the  bottom  surface  of 
which  a  solid  iron  roller  travels.  Steel  scrapers 
follow  the  roll  and  turn  the  mixture  from  both  sides 
back  into  the  path  of  the  roll,  thus  aiding  in  the 
thorough  mixing  of  the  two  ingredients.  This  ma- 
chine is  completely  enclosed  to  avoid  dust  and  pre- 
pares a  batch  at  a  time.  When  the  mixing  of  the 
oil  in  the  pigment  is  complete,  the  batch  is  dumped 
into  a  vat  or  tank  equipped  with  an  agitator,  and 
from  this  mixing  tank  it  flows  continuously  into  the 
eye  of  a  burrstone  mill.  From  this  mill  it  flows 
into  a  second  mill,  and  from  there  into  a  cooling 
tank  shaped  like  a  hopper,  from  which  it  is  pumped 
by  a  rotary  pump  into  kegs  and  other  containers 
as  required  for  shipment. 

Physical  Properties  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Dry  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  is  a  slate  gray  colored 
pigment  of  an  almost  impalpable  fineness.  With 
the  exception  of  lamp  black,  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 
is  the  finest  pigment  in  use  today,  the  particles 
being  of  the  order  of  0.0002  millimeter  (0.2/*)  in 
diameter.  An  idea  of  how  small  this  really  is  may 
be  obtained  by  comparing  this  with  cement  par- 
ticles. Ordinary  dry  cement  leaves  approximately 
22  per  cent  on  a  200-mesh  screen,  while  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  will  pass  completely  through  a  325-mesh 


Sublimed  Blue  Lead  31 

screen.  A  200-mesh  screen  has  40,000  holes  per 
square  inch,  while  a  325-mesh  screen  has  106,000 
holes.  The  relative  size  of  these  screens  is  shown 
plainly  in  Figure  9. 

Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  mixed  with 
pure  raw  linseed  oil  and  not  more  than  5  per  cent 
by  weight  of  drier  will  form  a  coating  the  modulus 
of  elasticity  of  which  is  far  above  that  required  by 
any  deformation  that  can  take  place  by  expansion 
of  the  metal  to  which  it  is  applied. 

The  specific  gravity  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  is 
6.67,  that  is,  it  weighs  6.67  times  as  much  as  an 
equal  volume  of  water.  One  solid  gallon  weighs 
55.56  pounds  and  one  pound  bulks  0.018  gallon. 

Paint  Characteristics  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  paste  mixed  with  proper 
proportions  of  pure  linseed  oil  makes  a  rust- 
proofing  paint,  possessing  unusually  fine  qualities. 

Mixing  with  Oil 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  mixes  perfectly  with  pure 
linseed  oil  and  once  mixed  it  remains  in  suspension. 
Therefore,  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  oil  does  not 
harden  or  liver  in  the  container  and  can  be  kept 
without  deterioration. 

Inhibition  of  Rust 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  being  a  basic  (mate- 
rial electro-positive  toward  iron),  inhibits  rusting. 


32 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


200  mesh  screen. 


IB  •  •  • 
•  •  •  »  • 

:    •    •    •    »    »    •    •••••• 


•  •  a  •  •  • 


a  •  •  •  • 


fli  fl  I 


325  mesh  screen. 
FIGURE  9 

As  a  means  of  visualizing  the  fineness  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead,  a  200-mesh 
and  a  325-mesh  screen  are  reproduced  with  a  50  diameter  enlargement  from 
photomicrographs.  Dry  cement  leaves  approximately  22  per  cent  residue 
on  the  200-mesh  screen,  while  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  will  wash  through  a 
325-mesh  screen  without  any  residue. 


Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


33 


.  •  *", 


Sublimed  Blue  Lead. 


. 


FIGURE  10 

Comparison  between  photomicrographs  (2,000  diameter  enlargement)  of 
Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  and  pure  red  lead,  indicating  the  difference  in 
uniformity  of  size  and  shape  of  the  particles,  as  well  as  the  distribution  of 
the  particles  in  the  oil  film. 


34  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Adhesion 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  being  composed  of 
uniform  and  extremely  fine  particles  that  remain  in 
suspension  in  oil,  enters  into  intimate  contact  with 
every  part  of  the  iron  surface,  whether  rough  or 
smooth,  thus  assuring  perfect  adhesion. 

Cohesion 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  because  of  its  exceed- 
ingly small  particles  evenly  distributed  in  the  oil, 
flows  together  behind  the  brush,  eliminating  brush 
marks  and  forming  a  coating  of  even  thickness 
that  does  not  sag. 

Drying 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  dries  in  twelve  hours 
to  form  a  tough  and  elastic  coating  that  will  stand 
the  wear  of  severe  weather  conditions  and  take 
subsequent  coats  with  perfect  adhesion  between 
the  two. 

Opacity 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  due  to  the  uniformity 
of  the  coat  and  the  color,  has  a  remarkable  hiding 
power.  A  gallon  of  properly  mixed  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  oil  will  cover  approximately  800  square 
feet  per  gallon  on  surfaces  of  average  smoothness. 

Color 

The  natural  color  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil 
is  slate  gray.  It  can  be  mixed  with  other  materials, 
such  as  chrome  green,  chrome  yellow,  red  lead, 


Sublimed  Blue  Lead  35 

etc.,  to  obtain  a  variety  of  colors  without  appre- 
ciably changing  its  remarkable  rust-proofing  quali- 
ties. 


Temperature 

Heat  and  cold  within  the  range  of  normal  atmos- 
pheric conditions  do  not  affect  the  use  of  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  nor  require  a  change  in  the  for- 
mula of  its  mixture.  Once  applied,  its  elasticity, 
its  adhesion  and  its  cohesion  cause  it  to  go  and  come 
with  the  metal  without  damage  to  its  rust-proofing 
power. 

Gases 

Sulphur  and  carbon  dioxide  present  in  the  atmos- 
phere, especially  in  industrial  centers,  do  not  de- 
teriorate the  rust-proofing  quality  of  Blue  Lead  in 
oil. 


Brushing 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  due  to  its  texture  and 
perfect  mixture  with  the  oil,  spreads  easily  and 
uniformly  over  rough  surfaces  and  smooth.  It 
permits  fast  work  and  requires  less  muscular  power 
on  the  part  of  the  painter. 

Durability 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  proved  its  durability 
at  Atlantic  City  (see  page  23). 


36  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Repainting 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  when  ready  for  repainting 
needs  simply  to  be  brushed  in  order  to  furnish  a 
perfect  surface  to  receive  more  coats.  This  was 
proven  at  the  Atlantic  City  tests  (see  page  23). 


CHAPTER  IV 

USE  OF  SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  may  be  employed  for 
rust-proofing  wherever  iron  or  steel  is  used.  In 
short,  it  fills  a  need  in  every  industry,  including 
building,  railroad,  marine,  mining,  manufacturing, 
public  utility  and  agriculture. 

With  the  whole  world  as  a  field,  it  is  impossible 
even  to  consider  a  specific  description  of  every  use 
of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead.  It  is  proposed  here  to 
limit  the  discussion  to  general  principles  that 
apply  to  practically  all  cases. 

New  Surfaces 

Paint  must  come  into  intimate  and  perfect  con- 
tact with  sound  metal  if  it  is  to  perform  its  rust- 
proofing  functions  for  any  appreciable  length  of 
time.  Therefore,  the  first  requisite  for  a  satisfac- 
tory job  of  rust-proofing  is  a  dry  surface  free  of 
rust,  dirt  and  grease. 

New  metal  from  hot  rolling  or  heat  treating  pro- 
cesses is  usually  covered  with  mill  scale  (black 
oxide  of  iron)  which  must  be  removed  before  paint- 
ing. To  paint  on  top  of  scale  is  useless,  as  the  scale 
is  sure  to  come  off  once  the  steel  is  in  service  where 
it  is  subjected  to  changes  in  temperature. 

Scale  is  removed  by  scraping,  sandblasting  or 
pickling.  The  particular  process  employed  is  a 

37 


38  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  39 


FIGURE  12 
Steel  seed  storage  tanks   painted  with   Picher   Sublimed   Blue   Lead   in   Oil. 


40 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


If 


Si 
sSl 

|f| 

£  a! 


is 


il 

w 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  41 

matter  to  be  decided  on  the  ground,  where  full 
knowledge  of  local  conditions  is  available. 

Steel  that  is  punched,  drilled  or  otherwise  ma- 
chined is  always  smeared  with  grease  and  dirt. 
Brushing  and  scraping  are  never  completely  suc- 
cessful in  removing  grease  and  oil.  Sandblasting 
and  pickling  are  both  effective  in  cleaning  sucli 
surfaces. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  painter,  it  makes 
little  difference  liow  a  surface  is  cleaned,  so  long 
as  it  is  clean  and  dry  at  the  time  the  paint  is  ap- 
plied, and  this  is  more  important  for  the  first  coat 
than  for  any  other  as  far  as  rust-proofing  is  con- 
cerned. 


Old  Surfaces 

When  painting  over  old  surfaces  that  have  been 
painted  before,  the  same  principles  as  set  forth 
under  New  Surfaces  also  obtain,  except  that  old 
paint  which  firmly  adheres  to  the  metal  may  be  re- 
garded as  good  as  sound  metal  upon  which  to  apply 
new  paint. 

If  the  old  paint  does  not  adhere  well,  it  should 
be  completely  removed  by  scraping,  burning  with  a 
torch  or  sandblasting.  In  any  case,  the  whole  sur- 
face should  be  brushed  and  cleaned  of  all  loose  dust, 
grease  and  moisture. 

Each  successive  coat  of  paint  can  be  no  better 
than  the  weakest  coat  beneath  it. 


42  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


FIGURE  14 

Twin  City  Tractors  shown  in  action  in  the  above  photographs  are  all  painted 
with  Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  applied  by  spraying. 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  43 

Galvanized  Iron 

Galvanizing  is  seldom  so  perfect  as  to  afford 
sheet  metal  a  sure  protection  from  corrosion.  Any 
imperfection  in  the  coating  will  start  intense  cor- 
rosive action  and  soon  puncture  the  iron.  There- 
fore, all  galvanized  sheet  metal  should  be  rust- 
proofed  with  suitable  paint. 

The  natural  surface  of  new  galvanized  iron  is  so 
smooth  that  paint  will  not  adhere  properly  to  it. 
To  prevent  peeling  by  assuring  uniform  and  per- 
fect adhesion  of  the  paint,  the  surface  can  be  rough- 
ened by  brushing  it  with  a  weak  copper  solution. 
H.  A.  Gardner*  recommends  as  solution  4  ounces 
of  copper  acetate,  copper  chloride,  or  copper  sul- 
phate dissolved  in  1  gallon  of  water. 

An  hour  or  so  after  the  surface  is  brushed  with 
this  solution  it  may  be  lightly  rubbed  off  with  a  dry 
brush,  after  which  it  is  ready  for  a  priming  coat  of 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead. 

Tin  Plate 

Tin  plating  of  sheet  iron,  like  galvanizing,  can 
not  be  relied  upon  to  prevent  corrosion,  because 
minute  imperfections  not  only  permit  but  actually 
intensify  the  corrosive  processes. 

The  surface  of  new  tin  plate  is  slightly  greasy ; 
therefore,  in  order  to  prepare  it  for  painting,  it 
must  be  cleaned  dry.  This  may  be  done  by  using 
benzine  or  turpentine  and  a  soft  cotton  rag. 

*Gardner  International  Association  of  Master  Car  &  Locomo- 
tive Painters'  Convention,  1915. 


44  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

Paint  Formulas 

The  mixing  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  paste  and 
linseed  oil  to  make  paint  is  a  very  simple  matter, 
but  strange  to  say,  there  are  almost  as  many  ideas 
as  to  relative  quantities  of  these  two  substances  in 
the  mixture  as  there  are  painters  who  use  it.  For- 
mulas recommended  range  all  the  way  from  50  per 
cent  to  70  per  cent  pigment  by  weight. 

The  State  standards  for  highway  bridges  in  Iowa 
require  that  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  paint  shall 
not  contain  less  than  60  per  cent  pigment  in  the 
shop  coat  and  not  less  than  50  per  cent  in  the  field 
coat.  Boiled  oil  is  specified  in  both  cases. 

The  State  standards  for  bridges  and  concrete 
reinforcing  rods  in  Illinois  require  that  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  in  oil  paint  shall  not  take  less  than  50 
per  cent  nor  more  than  54  per  cent  pigment.  Boiled 
oil  is  specified  in  all  cases. 

The  Eagle-Picher  Kesearch  Department  recom- 
mends 70  per  cent  pigment  to  30  per  cent  pure 
raw  or  boiled  linseed  oil.  If  raw  linseed  oil  is  used, 
a  suitable  quantity  of  drier  (not  to  exceed  5  per 
cent)  must  be  added. 

Tables  giving  quantities  of  oil,  pigment  and  paste 
involved  in  mixtures  of  various  proportions  are 
given  on  pages  62  and  63. 

Brushing 

To  be  effective,  even  on  surfaces  that  are  per- 
fectly prepared,  rust-proofing  paint  must  be  prop- 
erly and  conscientiously  applied.  The  architect  or 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  45 


FIGURE  15 

Train    load   of  twenty-seven   threshing   machines,   all   of   which   are   painted 
with  Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead. 


46 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


engineer  writing  specifications  for  painting  can  do 
little  more  than  to  specify  the  size  and  kind  of 
brushes,  and  require  thorough  and  proper  brush- 
ing. A  competent  paint  contractor  is  the  surest  if 
not  the  only  way  to  assure  proper  application  of  the 
paint  to  the  surfaces  to  be  protected.  Supervision 
is  only  a  rough  check.  It  can  never  be  sufficiently 
detailed  to  compensate  for  the  lack  of  conscientious 
workmanship. 


FIGURE  16 

Rust-Proofing  Twin  City, Tractors,  in  plant  of  the  Minneapolis  Steel  &  Ma- 
chinery Co.,  Minneapolis;  Minn.  Illustration  shows  workman  applying  with 
Pasche  air  brush  a  finishing  coat  of  Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil 
tinted  gray  with  Eagle  Sublimed  White  Lead.  The  first  coat  used  on  these 
tractors  is  Picher  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  thinned  with  naphtha,  to 
which  5  per  cent  of  oil  has  been  added. 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  47 

The  kind  of  brushes  used  varies  with  the  charac- 
ter of  the  work.  In  general,  brushes  that  are  too 
large  should  be  avoided,  especially  brushes  that  are 
wide  and  flat.  For  structural  steel  round  brushes 
are  preferred,  as  they  enter  corners  and  other 
places  difficult  of  access.  Then,  too,  the  round 
brush  applies  more  pressure  and  requires  more 
strokes  than  a  flat  brush — all  of  which  is  good  for 
the  paint. 

Spraying 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  because  of  its  fine  particles 
and  its  perfect  suspension  in  oil  is  excellently 
adapted  to  application  with  a  spraying  device. 

The  ideal  application  of  spraying  is  in  connec- 
tion with  production  work  in  manufacturing  pro- 
cesses, where  articles  of  the  same  character  must 
be  kept  moving  through  the  manufacturing  process 
at  a  given  rate.  In  such  cases  wonderfully  uniform 
results  are  obtained  with  a  minimum  of  labor  and 
space.  Spraying  is  also  well  suited  for  painting 
large  areas,  such  as  walls,  roofs  and  ceilings.  Time 
can  often  be  saved  where  rough  surfaces  are  in- 
volved by  combining  spraying  and  brushing.  The 
paint  is  first  applied  very  rapidly  with  a  spray  and 
then  brushed  out  to  a  uniform  film. 

In  mixing  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  for  spraying  pur- 
poses, the  same  proportion  of  pigment  to  oil  is  used 
as  for  brushing,  namely,  70  pigment,  30  oil.  To 
this  a  volatile  thinner,  such  as  turpentine,  benzine, 
or  gasoline,  is  added  until  paint  of  the  proper  con- 


48 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


sistency  for  application  with  the  spraying  appa- 
ratus is  obtained. 

Dipping 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead,  having  no  tendency  to  settle 
or  harden  when  mixed  properly  with  oil,  makes  an 
excellent  paint  for  dipping. 

Dipping  is  applicable  only  to  shop  or  factory 
work.  It  requires  facilities  for  handling  the  arti- 
cles to  be  dipped,  as  well  as  for  draining  and  dry- 
ing them.  There  is  no  practical  limit  on  the  size 
of  article  that  can  be  dipped  except  the  equipment 
for  handling  it. 


FIGURE    17 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  oil  mixed  with  linseed  oil  and  thinned  with  naphtha 
is  here  used  for  dipping.  The  perfection  of  the  suspension  of  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  linseed  oil  and  the  fineness  and  uniformity  of  the  pigment  give  a 
non-settling,  non-livering  paint  especially  well  suited  to  dipping  applications. 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  49 

Dipping  is  not  satisfactory  for  structural  steel. 
In  fact,  good  practice  will  not  tolerate  anything  but 
brushing  for  the  shop  coat  on  structural  steel. 

The  formula  for  dipping  paint  will  vary  some- 
what with  the  character  of  work.  The  following 
formula  has  been  successfully  used : 

100  Ib.  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil. 

7  gal.  of  raw  pure  linseed  oil. 

2  pt.  of  drier. 

6  pt.  of  benzine  or  naphtha. 

Number  of  Coats 

A  number  of  thin  coats,  each  one  thoroughly  dry 
before  the  next  is  applied,  make  the  most  durable 
job. 

However,  since  the  time  and  labor  factors  are  of 
such  importance  in  most  operations,  practice  has 
finally  settled  down  to  the  use  of  three  coats  as 
standard  for  general  rust-proofing  work. 

The  first  coat  on  steel  work  is  applied  in  the  fab- 
ricating shop  and  is  called  the  "shop  coat."  The 
second  and  third  coats  are  applied  on  the  job  at  the 
time  of  erection  and  are  called  ' '  field  coats. ' ' 

In  order  to  facilitate  inspection  by  enabling  an 
inspector  to  tell  at  a  glance  what  coat  or  coats  have 
been  applied,  it  is  usual  to  specify  a  definite  color 
for  each  coat. 

Colors 

The  natural  color  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil 
is  slate  gray,  a  very  agreeable  color  for  outdoor 


50 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


•JSJ 


II- 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  51 

structures,  and  one  which  blends  well  with  natural 
surroundings. 

When  other  colors  are  desired,  pigments,  such 
as  American  Vermillion,  Red  Lead,  Chrome  Yel- 
low, may  be  added  to  the  Sublimed  Blue  Lead. 
Such  pigment  should  be  in  paste  form  and  when 
mixed  with  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  paste  and  linseed 
oil  the  proportion,  70  pigment  to  30  oil,  should  be 
maintained. 


52 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


FIGURE   19 

This  corrugated  steel  building  was  painted  in  1914  with  Picher  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  in  Oil.  It  is  still  in  good  condition  and  has  protected  the  metal 
from  corrosion.  The  building  in  the  upper  illustration,  which  is  part  of 
the  same  plant,  was  painted  in  1921,  seven  years  after  the  painting  of  the 
main  shop  buildings,  and  is  proof  that  the  owners,  Shoemaker-Satterthwait 
Bridge  Company,  Pottstown,  Pa.,  were  satisfied  with  the  performance  of 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil. 


Use  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


53 


Pure  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 
in  Oil. 


50  per  cent  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  Oil  and 

50  per  cent  Commercial 
Chrome  Yellow. 


80  per  cent  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  Oil  and 

20  per  cent  Commercial 
Chrome  Yellow. 


95  per  cent  Sublimed  Blue 

Lead  in  Oil  and 
5  per  cent  Commercial 
Chrome  Yellow. 


50  per  cent  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  Oil  and 

50  per  cent  Commercial 
Chrome  Green. 


50  per  cent  Sublimed  Blue 

Lead  in  Oil  and 
50  per  cent  Red  Lead. 


50  per  cent  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  Oil  and 

50  per  cent  Eagle  White 
Lead. 


CHAPTER  V 

SUGGESTED  PAINTING  SPECIFICATIONS 
FOE  STRUCTURAL  STEEL  WORK 

1.  GENERAL.     All   paint   and   materials   for 
painting  shall  be  of  the  quality  herein  specified. 
Paints  or  pastes  which  have  hardened  on  standing 
or  which  have  thickened  or  otherwise  deteriorated 
will  not  be  acceptable,  and  the  use  of  dry  pigment 
mixed  with  the  vehicle  by  the  contractor  will  not  be 
permitted.     Pastes  shall  be  ground  to  a  uniform 
and  smooth  consistency.    When  it  is  specified  that 
the  paint  shall  be  tinted,  the  tinting  material  shall 
be  thoroughly  and  uniformly  incorporated  with  the 
paint  to  produce  a  uniform  shade. 

2.  PREPARATION  OF  NEW  METAL  SUR- 
FACES.    All   surfaces   to   be   painted   shall   be 
cleaned  thoroughly,  removing  all  rust,  dirt,  mill 
scale,  grease  and  other  foreign  matter,  using  scrap- 
ers, chisels  or  sandblast  to  accomplish  the  specified 
result.    Bright  steel  should  be  exposed  in  all  cases. 
If  sandblasting  is  used,  the  first  coat  of  paint  must 
follow  immediately. 

3.  PREPARATION  OF  OLD  METAL  SUR- 
FACES.   All  dirt,  loose  scale,  dead  paint  and  rust 
shall  be  removed  entirely.    All  bare  spots  shall  be 
chipped,  sanded  or  wire-brushed  to  expose  clean 
metal  and  then  shall  be  covered  with  paint  specified 
hereinafter. 


56  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

4.  THE  PAINT.    The  paint  used  shall  consist 
of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  paste  mixed  with  pure 
raw  linseed  oil  in  the  following  proportions : 

100  Ib.  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  4 
gal.  of  pure  raw  linseed  oil  thinned  with  not 
more  than  2  pt.  of  turpentine  and  not  more 
than  2  pt.  of  a  good  drier. 

5.  The  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  shall  be  a  chemical 
combination  of  lead  sulphate  and  lead  oxide,  and 
certain  other  ingredients,  which  upon  analysis  will 
conform  to  the  following  specifications  : 

Lead  Sulphate  (PbS04) 45-55  per  cent 

Lead  Oxide  (PbO) 30-40  per  cent 

Lead  Sulphide  (PbS) Not  over  12  per  cent 

Lead  Sulphite  (PbS03) .  .Not  over   5  per  cent 

Zinc  Oxide  (ZnO) Not  over    5  per  cent 

Carbon  and  undetermined.Not  over    5  per  cent 

6.  The  vehicle  shall  be  raw  linseed  oil  from  North 
American  seed  and  shall  conform  to  the  following 
requirements  :* 

Maximum        Minimum 

Specific  Gravity  at  15.5°  C.     0.936          0.932 

15.5° 
or 
Specific  Gravity  at  25^  C. .     0.931          0.927 

25° 

Acid  Number   6.00  .... 

Saponification  Number  ....  195.          189. 
Unsaponifiable  matter, 

per  cent 1.50  .... 

Refractive  Index  at  25°  C. .     1.4805      1.4790 
Iodine  Number  (Hanus) 180. 


*Linseed  Oil  Specifications,  1921,  A.  S.  T.  M.  Standards,  pages 
655-658. 


Painting  Specifications  for  Structural  Steel  57 

7.  COLORS.     In  order  to  distinguish  between 
the  successive  coats,  the  paint  shall  be  mixed  as 
follows : 

8.  First  coat  shall  be  in  accordance  with  the  for- 
mula set  forth  in  paragraph  4. 

9.  The  second  coat  shall  consist  of  paint  mixed  in 
the  proportions  of  95  Ib.  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  oil, 
5  Ib.  chrome  yellow  in  oil,  with  4  gal.  of  raw  linseed 
oil  thinned  with  not  more  than  2  pt.  of  turpentine 
and  not  more  than  2  pt.  of  a  good  drier. 

10.  The  third  coat  shall  consist  of  paint  mixed 
in  the  proportions  of  50  Ib.  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in 
oil  with  50  Ib.  red  lead  in  oil  with  4  gal.  of  raw  lin- 
seed oil  thinned  with  not  more  than  2  pt.  of  turpen- 
tine and  not  more  than  2  pt.  of  good  drier. 

(NOTE. — If  other  colors  are  desired  than  those 
here  recommended,  formulas  such  as  shown  on 
page  53  may  be  substituted.) 

11.  APPLICATION  OF  PAINT. 

ORDINARY  SURFACES.  All  surfaces  of  (state 
whether  structural  steel,  cast  iron,  etc.)  shall  be 
given  one  shop  coat  of  paint  and  two  field  coats. 

12.  All  surfaces   shall  be  covered  thoroughly, 
using  pound  brushes.    Make  sure  that  all  rivet  or 
bolt  heads  and  all  similar  surfaces  are  given  the 
same  number  of  coats  as  specified  for  the  remaining 
surfaces. 

13.  All  places  that  will  be  inaccessible  after  erec- 
tion shall  be  painted  before  erection. 


58  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 

14.  APPLICATION  OF  PAINT. 

GALVANIZED  SUKFACES.  All  galvanized  metal  sur- 
faces shall  have  brushed  over  them  before  paint  is 
to  be  applied,  a  coat  of  copper  acetate  in  the  propor- 
tions of  four  ounces  to  one  gallon  of  water.  This 
coating  shall  be  allowed  to  dry  for  one  hour,  after 
which  it  shall  be  brushed  with  a  stiff  brush  before 
the  first  coat  may  be  applied. 

15.  APPLICATION  OF  PAINT. 

TINNED  SURFACES.  All  tinned  metal  surfaces 
shall  be  cleaned  by  rubbing  with  a  soft  cotton  rag 
moistened  with  benzine  or  turpentine,  after  which 
the  first  coat  may  be  applied. 


CHAPTEK  VI 


ESTIMATES,  DATA  AND  TABLES 

Paint  Per  Square  Foot 

Sublimed  Blue  Lead  mixed  with  pure  linseed  oil 
in  the  proportions  of  70  per  cent  pigment  to  30  per 
cent  vehicle  and  applied  to  a  fairly  smooth,  clean 
surface  by  brushing  will  cover  approximately  800 
square  feet  per  gallon,  hiding  a  white  surface.  The 
quantity  of  paint  required  when  applied  with  a 
spray  or  by  dipping  will  depend  so  much  upon  the 
actual  local  conditions  and  the  character  of  the  sur- 
faces painted  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  spread- 
ing rates  more  closely  than  the  one  that  has  been 
determined  for  brushing. 


22600 
o  2400 


jj;  isoo 

Eg  1600 
8  1400 

g 

<  1200 

§  looo 

°  800 
SJ600 
I  400 
*  2CO 
0 


I  ! 


THICKNESS  OF  FILM   (INCHES) 

FIGURE  20 


Relation  between  spreading  rate  of  paint  in  square  feet  per  gallon  and  thick- 
ness of  paint  film. 

59 


60 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


When  the  number  of  square  feet  over  which  a 
gallon  has  been  spread  is  known,  the  thickness  of 
the  film  can  be  determined  from  the  diagram  in 
Figure  20. 

Painting  Calculations 

In  making  calculations  for  painting  with  Sub- 
limed Blue  Lead,  the  quantities  of  oil  and  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  paste  are  determined  by  the  following 
factors : 

1.  Ratio  of  pigment  to  vehicle. 

2.  Surface  to  be  covered. 

3.  Character  of  surface. 

Once  the  ratio  of  pigment  to  vehicle  has  been  de- 
cided, the  number  of  gallons  of  oil  and  the  number 
of  pounds  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  paste  required 
to  make  the  paint  can  be  determined  from  Table  I. 


TABLE    I 

PAINT  QUANTITIES 


Ratio 

Pounds  Paste 

Gallon  Oil 

Pigment 

Vehicle 

1  Gallon  Oil 

1  Gallon  Paint 

25 

75 

2.99 

0.951 

30 

70 

3.89 

0.937 

35 

65 

4.94 

0.920 

40 

60 

6.21 

0.899 

45 

55 

7.76 

0.874 

50 

50 

9.71 

0.842 

55 

45 

12.21 

0.812 

60 

40 

15.54 

0.747 

65 

35 

20  18 

0.672 

70 

30 

27.20 

0.558 

Estimates,  Data  and  Tables 


61 


Example :  Assume  1800  sq.  ft.  to  be  painted  with 
one  coat  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  mixed  in  the 
proportion  of  70  per  cent  pigment  to  30  per  cent 
vehicle  by  weight.  One  gallon  will  cover  800  sq.  ft.* 
—1800  sq.  ft.  would  require  2.25  gal.  According  to 
Table  I  in  the  fourth  column,  there  will  be  0.558 
gal.  of  oil  required  for  each  gallon  of  paint,  or 
2.25  X  0.558  =  1.25  gal.  of  oil  for  the  job.  Kefer- 
ring  to  the  third  column,  it  is  found  that  for  every 
gallon  of  oil  there  is  required  27.2  Ib.  of  Sublimed 
Blue  Lead  paste,  or  1.25  X  27.2  =  34.0  Ib.  of 
Sublimed  Blue  Lead  for  the  job. 

*See  page  70. 


FIGURE  21 

These  gas  holders  have  demonstrated  the  suitability  of  Picher  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  in  Oil  for  protection  of  steel  work  in  this  class  of  service. 


62 


Fighting  Rtist  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


TABLE    II 


NUMBER  OF  POUNDS  OF  SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD  NECES- 
SARY TO  Mix  WITH  A  GIVEN  QUANTITY  OF  LINSEED 
OIL  FOR  PAINTING  CONSISTENCY  ABOUT 
70%  PIGMENT  AND  30%  OIL 


Oil 
Gallons 

Pounds  Sub- 
limed Blue 
Lead—  Dry 

Pounds  Sub- 
limed Blue 
Lead  in  Oil 

Oil 
Gallons 

Pounds  Sub- 
limed Blue 
Lead—  Dry 

Pounds  Sub- 
limed Blue 
Lead  in  Oil 

1 

18.1 

27.2 

26 

470.6 

707.2 

2 

36.2 

54.4 

27 

488.7 

IMA 

3 

54.3 

81.6 

28 

506.8 

761.6 

4 

72.4 

108.8 

29 

524.9 

788.8 

5 

90.5 

136.0 

30 

543.0 

816.0 

6 

108.6 

163.2 

31 

561.1 

843.2 

7 

126.7 

190.4 

32 

579.2 

870.4 

8 

144.8 

217.6 

33 

597.3 

897.6 

9 

162.9 

244.8 

34 

615.4 

924.6 

10 

181.0 

272.0 

35 

633.5 

952.0 

11 

199.1 

292.2 

36 

651.6 

979.2 

12 

217.2 

326.4 

37 

669.7 

1006.4 

13 

235.3 

353.6 

38 

687.8 

1033.6 

14 

253.4 

380.8 

39 

705.9 

1060.8 

15 

271.5 

408.0 

40 

724.0 

1088.0 

16 

289.6 

435.2 

41 

742.1 

1115.2 

17 

307.7 

462.4 

42 

760.2 

1142.4 

18 

325.8 

489.6 

43 

778.3 

1169.6 

19 

343.9 

516.8 

44 

796.4 

1196.8 

20 

362.0 

544.0 

45 

814.5 

1224.0 

21 

380.1 

571.2 

46 

832.6 

1251.2 

22 

398.2 

598.4 

47 

850.7 

1278.4 

23 

416.3 

625.6 

48 

868.8 

1305.6 

24 

434.4 

652.8 

49 

886.9 

1332.8 

25 

452.5 

680.0 

50 

905.0 

1360.0 

Estimates,  Data  and  Tables 


63 


TABLE    III 


QUANTITY  OF  SUBLIMED  BLUE  LEAD  IN  OIL  AND  LINSEED 

OIL  NECESSARY  TO  MAKE  A  GIVEN  NUMBER  OF 

GALLONS  OF  PAINT  OF  THE  PROPORTION 

70%  PIGMENT  TO  30%  OIL 


Gallons  of 
Paint 
Required 

Pounds  of 
Sublimed 
Blue  Lead 
in  Oil 
Required 

Gallons  of 
Raw  Linseed 
Oil 

Gallons  of 
Paint 
Required 

Pounds  of 
Sublimed 
Blue  Lead 
in  Oil 
Required 

Gallons  of 
Raw  Linseed 
Oil 

1 

15.17 

.558 

26 

394.42 

14.508 

2 

30.34 

1.116 

27 

409.59 

15.066 

3 

45.51 

1.674 

28 

424.76 

15.624 

4 

60.68 

2.232 

29 

439.93 

16.182 

5 

75.85 

2.790 

30 

455.10 

16.740 

6 

91.02 

3.348 

31 

470.27 

17.298 

7 

106.19 

3.906 

32 

485.44 

17.856 

8 

121.36 

4.464 

33 

500.61 

18.414 

9 

136.53 

5.022 

34 

515.78 

18.972 

10 

151.70 

5.580 

35 

530.95 

19.530 

11 

166.87 

6.138 

36 

546.12 

20.088 

12 

182.04 

6.696 

37 

561.29 

20.646 

13 

197.21 

7.254 

38 

576.46 

21.204 

14 

212.38 

7.812 

39 

591.63 

21.762 

15 

227.55 

8.370 

40 

606.80 

22.320 

16 

242.72 

8.928 

41 

621.97 

22.878 

17 

257.89 

9.486 

42 

637  .  14 

23.436 

18 

273.06 

10.044 

43 

652.31 

23.994 

19 

288.23 

10.602 

44 

667.48 

24.552 

20 

303.40 

11.160 

45 

682.65 

25.110 

21 

318.57 

11.718 

46 

697.82 

25.668 

22 

303.74 

12.276 

47 

712.99 

26.226 

23 

348.91 

12.834 

48 

728.16 

26.784 

24 

364.08 

13.392 

49 

743.33 

27.342 

25 

379.25 

13.950 

50 

758.50 

27.900 

64 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


Structural  Shapes 

To  facilitate  the  estimation  of  surface  areas, 
factors  are  given  in  Tables  IV  and  V,  which  when 
multiplied  by  the  length  in  feet  of  the  steel  specified 
in  the  tables  will  give  the  total  square  feet  to  be 
painted.  By  dividing  these  figures  by  the  pounds 
per  foot  of  the  structural  shape  specified  in  the 
table,  the  square  feet  per  pound  will  be  obtained. 


TABLE    IV 

SURFACE  OF  STRUCTURAL  SHAPES 


Shape 

Square  Feet  Surface,  Per  Foot  Length 

Sin. 

4  in. 

5  in. 

6  in. 

8  in. 

10  in. 

12  in. 

15  in. 

18  in.    20  in. 

I 

1.3 

1.6 

1.8 

2.2 

2.7 

3.2 

3.7 

4.4 

5       5.3 

1 

1.2 

1.4 

1.7 

2.2 

2.6 

3 

3.7 

J 

1.4 

2.7 

2 

2.3 

Example:    Assume   that  in  a  given  structure 
12,000  Ib.  of  12-in.  I-beams  are  to  be  painted  with 


Estimates,  Data  and  Tables 


65 


66 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


one  coat  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil,  it  being  re- 
quired to  determine  the  number  of  square  feet  sur- 
face area  to  be  painted.  Referring  to  Table  IV, 
the  surface  area  per  lineal  foot  is  given  as  3.7 
square  feet.  Referring  to  a  book  of  structural 
shapes,  such  as  issued  by  steel  companies,  we  find 
that  this  particular  I-beam  weighs  35  Ib.  per  foot. 
Therefore  the  surface  per  pound  is  3.7  -f-  35  =  0.106 
square  feet  per  pound,  or  12000  X  0.106  =  1270 
square  feet  total. 


TABLE  v 


SURFACE  OF  ANGLES 


Square  Feet  Surface,  Per  Foot  Length 


Inches 

1  in. 

2  in. 

3  in. 

4  in. 

5  in. 

6  in. 

8  in. 

1 

0.33 

2 

0.5 

0.66 

0.83 

3 

0.66 

0.83 

1.0 

1.2 

1.3 

1.5 

4 

0.83 

1.0 

1.2 

1.3 

1.5 

1.7 

5 

1.0 

1.2 

1.3 

1.5 

1.7 

1.8 

6 

1.2 

1.3 

1.5 

1.7 

1.8 

2.0 

8 

1.3 

1.5 

1.7 

1.8 

2.0 

2.2 

2.7 

Estimates,  Data  and  Tables 


67 


TABLE    VI 

SURFACE  OF  PLATES 


Thickness 
in  Inches 

Square  Feet  Surface  per  Pound 

ys 

H 

N 

H 

5A 

H 

H 

1 

0.4 

0.2 

0.13 

0.1 

0.8 

0.66 

0.057 

0.05 

Cylinders 

Interior  and  exterior  surfaces  of  pipes,  tanks 
and  other  cylindrical  shells  can  be  estimated  by 
multiplying  the  factors  given  in  Tables  VII,  VIII 
and  IX  by  the  length  in  feet  of  the  cylinders. 


TABLE    VII 

CIRCUMFERENCE  IN  FEET  OF  PIPES 


Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Feet 

1 

3.14 

0.26 

2 

6.28 

0.52 

3 

9.42 

0.78 

4 

12.56 

1.05 

5 

15.71 

1.31 

6 

18.85 

1.57 

7 

21.99 

1.83 

8 

25.13 

2.1 

9 

28.27 

2.4 

10 

31.41 

2.6 

11 

34.56 

2.9 

12 

37.70 

3.1 

13 

40.84 

3.4 

14 

43.98 

3.7 

15 

47.12 

3.9 

16 

50.26 

4.3 

17 

53.41 

4.5 

18 

56.55 

4.7 

19 

59.69 

5. 

20 

62.83 

5.2 

68 


Fighting  Eust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


TABLE    VIII 


CIRCUMFERENCE   IN  FEET   OF  CYLINDRICAL 
TANKS 


Diameter 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Inches 

Circumference 
in  Feet 

30 

94.25 

7.9 

35 

110. 

9.2 

40 

126. 

10.5 

45 

141. 

11.7 

50 

157. 

13.1 

55 

173. 

14.5 

60 

188. 

15.7 

65 

204. 

17. 

70 

220. 

18.3 

75 

236. 

19.7 

80 

251. 

20.9 

85 

267. 

22.2 

90 

283. 

23.6 

95 

298. 

24.8 

100 

314 

26.2 

TABLE    IX 

CIRCUMFERENCE   IN  FEET  OF   CYLINDRICAL 
RESERVOIRS 


Diameter 
in  Feet 

Circumference 
in  Feet 

Diameter 
in  Feet 

Circumference 
in  Feet 

10 

31.5 

35 

110. 

15 

47. 

40 

126. 

20 

63. 

45 

141. 

25 

78.5 

50 

157. 

30 

94.5 

Example :  Assume  a  tank  of  80  inches  in  diame- 
ter and  10  feet  high  to  be  painted  inside  and  out- 
side with  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil.  The  area  to 


Estimates,  Data  and  Tables 


69 


Ml 


FIGURE  23 

These  mining  buildings  in  Oklahoma  painted  with  Picher  Sublimed  Blue 
Lead  have  demonstrated  the  suitability  of  this  paint  for  use  in  atmospheres 
heavily  charged  with  sulphur  fumes. 


70 


Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


be  painted  is  obtained  by  multiplying  the  height  by 
the  circumference  in  feet  as  given  in  the  third  col- 
umn of  Table  VIII,  thus  20.9  X  10  =  209  square 
feet  on  one  side.  For  inside  and  outside  it  is  mul- 
tiplied by  2,  giving  418  square  feet  total. v  Since  a 
gallon  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  will  cover  800  square 
feet,  one  gallon  will  be  practically  enough  for  two 
coats. 


Corrugated  Iron 

Corrugated  surfaces  can  be  estimated  by  figur- 
ing the  area  as  if  it  were  flat  and  then  multiplying 
by  the  factor  given  in  Table  X. 


TABLE  x 
ACTUAL  AREA  CORRUGATED  SURFACES 


Nominal  Width 
Inches 

Area 
Factor 

Nominal  Width 
Inches 

Area 
Factor 

5 

1.16 

2 

1.08 

3 

1.08 

1M 

1.04 

2^ 

1.08 

H 

1.04 

Example :  Assume  a  side  of  a  building  100  feet 
long  and  20  feet  high  to  be  covered  with  corrugated 
steel  having  2%-inch  corrugations.  The  area  of 
this  side  without  corrugations  would  be  2000  square 
feet,  but  on  account  of  the  corrugations  this  area 
must  be  multiplied  by  the  factor  given  in  Table  X, 


Estimates,  Data  and  Tables  71 

namely,  1.08,  which  gives  the  total  area  on  one  side 
to  be  painted  as  2160  square  feet. 


Cost  of  a  Gallon  of  Paint 

The  cost  of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  Oil  when 
mixed  in  the  proportion  of  70  per  cent  pigment  to 
30  per  cent  oil  by  weight  is  given  in  Table  XI  for  a 
range  of  prices  that  more  than  covers  the  normal 
fluctuations  in  the  market.  From  this  table  the 
cost  of  pure  linseed  oil  per  gallon  of  paint,  the  cost 
of  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  in  oil  for  a  gallon  of  paint, 
as  well  as  the  cost  of  the  resulting  paint,  may  be 
instantly  read.  For  instance,  with  oil  selling  at 
$1.25  a  gallon  and  Sublimed  Blue  Lead  at  13c  a 
pound,  the  cost  of  the  oil  for  a  gallon  of  paint  will 
be  found  at  the  top  of  the  table  immediately  under 
the  cost  per  gallon  ($0.70).  The  cost  of  the  Sub- 
limed Blue  Lead  in  Oil  per  gallon  of  paint  will  be 
found  at  the  left  opposite  the  13c  price  ($1.98),  and 
the  cost  of  the  paint  which  is  the  sum  of  the  cost 
of  the  oil  and  the  cost  of  the  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 
will  be  found  at  the  intersection  of  the  column 
under  the  $1.25  price  and  the  row  opposite  the  13c 
price  ($2.68). 


72  Fighting  Rust  With  Sublimed  Blue  Lead 


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Estimates,  Data  and  Tables 


73 


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INDEX. 

A. 

Page 

Adhesion,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint 34 

Agricultural  industry,  steel  consumption 11 

American   Society  for   Testing   Materials,   Atlantic 

City,  rust-proofing  tests 21 

Angles,  surface,  per  foot 66 

Architects,  painting  specifications 55 

Atlantic  City,. rust-proofing  paint  tests 21 

Automotive  industry,  steel  consumption 11 

B. 

Basic  materials,  effect  on  corrosion  of  iron  and  steel ...  17 

Brushing — 

qualities,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint 35 

requirements  for  rust  protection 44 

Building  industry,  steel  consumption 11 

Bulk,  sublimed  blue  lead 31 

C. 

Calculations,  painting 60 

Carbon  black,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

Channel  irons,  surface,  per  foot 64 

Chaser  definition 30 

Chilean  mill,  definition 30 

Chrome  green,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

Coal  tar,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

Coats,  number,  for  rust  protection 49 

Cohesion,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint 34 

Colloidal  state,  definition 16 

75 


76  Index 

C — Concluded. 
Color—  Page 

formulas 49,  51 

rust-proofing  coats 57 

sublimed  blue  lead  paint : 34 

sublimed  blue  lead  paint,  tinted 49,  51 

Contractor  for  rust-proofing  work 46 

Corrosion — 

action  of  basic  substances 17 

bibliography 14 

colloidal  hypothesis 16 

electrolytic  hypothesis 14 

iron  and  steel 9 

losses,  iron  and  steel 13 

prevention 17 

Corrugated  iron,  surface 70 

Cost,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint,  per  gallon 71 

Cylinders,  surface,  per  foot  of  height 68 

D. 

Dipping  with — 

sublimed  blue  lead 48 

sublimed  blue  lead,  formula 48 

Drying,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint 34 

Durability,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint 35 

E. 

Elasticity,  sublimed  blue  lead 31 

F. 

Fence,  rust-proofing  tests,  Atlantic  City 21 

Film  thickness,  relation  to  spreading  rate 59 

Fineness — 

Portland  cement 30 

sublimed  blue  lead . .  30 


Index  77 

G. 
Galena—  Page 

definition 26 

typical  piece 2 

Galvanized  surfaces,  preparation  for  painting 43 

Galvanizing,  quantity  of  zinc  used 13 

Gas  industry,  steel  consumption 11 

I. 

I  beams,  surface,  per  foot 64 

Illinois,  sublimed  blue  lead,  paint  formulas 44 

Iowa,  sublimed  blue  lead,  paint  formulas 44 

Iron — 

affinity  for  oxygen 9 

and  steel  industry 10 

corrosion 9 

L. 

Lead — 

chromate,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

sublimed  blue  (see  sublimed  blue  lead). 

Linseed  oil — 

cost,  per  gallon  of  paint 72 

requirements 28 

specifications 56 

M. 

Machinery  manufacture,  steel  consumption 11 

Magnetic  black  oxide,  Atlantic  City  tests .  23 

Mill  scale,  removal  for  painting 37 

N. 

Natural  graphite,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 


7  8  Index 

O. 

Page 

Oil  industry,  steel  consumption 11 

Oil,  per  gallon  of  paint 60,  63 

Opacity,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint " 34 

P. 

Paint- 
formulas,  sublimed  blue  lead 44 

rust-proofing  requirements 19 

sublimed  blue  lead,  cost  per  gallon 71 

Painting — 

calculations 60 

specifications 55 

steel  work  with  brushes 44 

with  sublimed  blue  lead 37 

Picher  sublimed  blue  lead,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

Pipes,  surface,  per  foot  of  length 67 

Plates,  steel  surface,  per  pound 66 

R. 

Railroads,  steel  consumption 11 

Rating  of  commercial  rust-proofing  paints 23 

Red  lead- 
Atlantic  City  tests 23 

photo-micrograph 33 

Red  oxide  of  iron,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

Repainting  characteristics,  sublimed  blue  lead  paint .  36 

Reservoirs,  surface  per  foot  of  height 68 

Rust,  inhibition  with  sublimed  blue  lead 31 

Rust-proofing — 

coats,  specification 57 

paint  requirements 19 

paint  specifications 55 

requirements 18 


Index  79 

S. 

Page 

Screens,  200  and  325  mesh : .  .  .  32 

Shipbuilding,  steel  consumption 11 

Specific  gravity,  sublimed  blue  lead 31 

Specifications  for  painting  structural  steel 55 

Spraying  sublimed  blue  lead 47 

Spreading  rate — 

relation  to  thickness  of  paint  film 59 

sublimed  blue  lead  paint 34 

Steel— 

and  iron  industry 10 

corrosion. 9 

quantity  export 11 

Structural  shapes,  surface,  per  foot 64 

Sublimed  blue  lead — 

analysis 25 

Atlantic  City  tests 23 

dry,  per  gallon  of  oil 62 

grinding  in  oil  process 28 

in  oil,  cost  per  gallon  of  paint 72 

in  oil,  per  gallon  of  paint 63 

in  oil,  per  gallon  of  oil 60,  62 

manufacture 27 

paint,  brushing  qualities 35 

paint  characteristics 31 

paint  cost  per  gallon 71 

paint  dipping 48 

paint  drying  qualities 34 

paint  durability 35 

paint  formulas 44 

paint  properties 31 

paint,  repainting  characteristics 36 

paint  spraying 47 

paint  spreading  rate 34 


80  Index 

S— Concluded. 

Sublimed  blue  lead — Concluded —  Page 

photo-micrograph 33 

physical  properties - 30 

resistance  to  gases 35 

resistance  to  temperature  changes 35 

specifications ; 56 

tinted  for  color,  formulas 53 

Surfaces — 

galvanized,  preparation  for  painting 43 

old,  preparation  for  painting 41 

preparation  for  painting 37 

tinned,  preparation  for  painting 43 

T. 

Tanks,  surface  per  foot  of  height 68 

Tests,  rust-proofing,  Atlantic  City 21 

Tin  plate,  preparation  for  painting 43 

W. 

Water  works,  steel  consumption 11 

Weight,  sublimed  blue  lead 31 

Willow  charcoal,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 

Z. 

Z-bars,  surface  per  foot 64 

Zinc  chromate,  Atlantic  City  tests 23 


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